f.hska f.g fjkia jk jdia;= isoaOdka;
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fþ f.dvlkaowdrÉÑ
jdia;= isoaOdka;hkaf.a fhdod .ekSu ksjfia È." m<," Wi" ksjfia msysàfï iajNdjh" ksji wjg msysá .ia je,a ys úfYaI;ajhka o" ksjdi" f.dvke.s,s" yd mQcH ia:dk" uqyqK; ksjfia fyda f.dvke.s,af,ys mj;akd msysàï j, iajNdjh wkqj o jdia;= isoaOdka; fhdod .ekSu fjkiah' tfukau .Dy msKavh .e<mSu tu .DyuQ,slhdg wkqj isÿ lrk ksid .Dy msKavh o f.hska f.g fjkia fõ' tfukau ksji újD; jk ld, mrdih iy jid ;nk ld, mrdih" ksjfia úYd,;ajh iy ksjfia ießirk ñksiqka f.a m%udKh o" fï i|yd fndfydafihska n,mdk nj fmfka' ksjfia bmerKsNdjh" fldgia tl;= lrk ,o ksjdihla o@ keoao@ nj hkd§ lreKq o fï i|yd n,mj;ajk nj fmfka' ksjeishkaf.a p¾hdj iy Tjqkaf.a yeisÍu o" ksji we;=<; .Dy NdKav yd úis;=re NdKav fukau ì;=is;=jï yd leghï flfrys wjOdkh fhduq lsÍfuka o" f.hska f.g jdia;= fjkia jk nj lsj yelsh' ksjeishka f.a wd.ñl mßirh fyj;a wdOHd;añl RK yd Ok iajNdjhka wkqj o" wd.ñl mßirh wkqj o" jdia;= isoaOdka; fhdod .ekSu'
jdia;= m%j¾Okh iy w;=re wdndO
jdia;= m%j¾Okh hkqfjka woyia lrkafka mj;akd ksjil iajrEmh y÷kdf.k ke;fyd;a úIaf,aIKh lsÍfuka miqj tys mj;sk wvqmdvqlï iy ÿ¾j,;djhka bj;a lsÍu i|yd fyda W!KmQ¾Kh lsÍu i|yd .kakd jQ W;aidyhka yS § jdia;= m%j¾Ok lghq;= fyj;a ;sfnk jdia;= isoaOdka;hkaf.a il%Sh;dj we;s lsÍu fuu`.ska wfmalaId flf¾' fuys § ksjig fyda f.dvke.s,a,g .e<fmk jdia;= isoaOdka; l%u y÷kajd §u jdia;= Ys,amshd fyj;a jdia;=fõÈhd úiska lrkq ,nk w;r hï hï wjia:djka yS § ksis nr ;eîula fkdjQ l, bka wys;lr m%:sM, we;sjk nj lsj yelsh' fï ksid iuyrla ksjdihka ys .eg¿ u;= fõ' ;sfnkakd jQ jdia;= fodaI iy y÷kajd fok jdia;= isoaOdka;hka f.a fyj;a jdia;= m%j¾Okfha wkqmd;fhys nr ;eîu wkqj fuu .eg¿j mj;akd ld,h" mrdih ks¾Kh lr .ekSug yelsh'
wkq ÈYdjkaf.a W!K;djhka W!KmQ¾Kh lsÍfï § fujeks ;;a;ajhka nyq,j oel.; yels jqj;a th t;rï ld,hla Èj fkdhk nj ie,lsh hq;=h' fujeks wjia:djka ys § wd.ñl j;dj;a iy jdia;= flï fhdod .ekSu ;=<ska Tfí mSvdjka hgm;a lr .ekSug yelshdj we;' we;=<; jdhq mSvkh fjkia ùu" jd;h .uka lsÍfï ud¾. újD; ùu" jdia;= úYaf,aIKfhka miq wl%Sh jQ hï hï ia:dk Tnf.a yeisÍï rgdj u; il%Sh lsÍu ;=<ska o" wkjYHh nvq ksji ;=<ska bj;a lsÍu ksid jd;ialkaOfha jk fjkia ùu wkqj o" fuu ;;a;ajhka we;s jk nj ;yjqre ù we;'
wmo%jHh yd wmo%jHh j,j,a fyj;a m,afodare
le,s li< ksji fyda f.dvke.s,a, wi, /ialsÍu fkdl< hq;=h' fïjd blaukska úkdY lr fyda mq¿iaid oeóu isÿ l, hq;=h' j,j,a .eUqre ùu w;HjYHh idOlhls' tfukau wjYHu .=Kdx.hls' nelaàßhd" È,Sr iy laIqo% Ôùkaf.a rcoykla jk wmo%jHh iy wmo%jHh j,j,a ukqIHhdg wys;lr n,mEï isÿ lsÍug myiqu ud¾.hla fõ' wmo%jHh iy wmo%jHh j,j,a ridhksl j¾. rdYshlska iukaú; jk ksid" fïjd j, wksis l%shdldÍ;ajh iy j¾Okh" udkqIsl wiykh" ukqIHhdf.a p¾hdfõ fjkialï iy mqreÿ j,g n,mEï lsÍug iu;a ù we;s nj m¾fhaIK u`.ska ;yjqre ù we;'
nÆ l+vq
n,a,ka i|yd lsis úfgl;a Bidk ÈYdfõ l+vq ;ekSu fkdl, hq;=h' ksji bÈßmsgg fmfkk mßÈ nÆ l+vq ilia fkdúh hq;= w;r" l+vq ;=< wlue;af;ka n,a,ka l+vq lsÍu fkdl, hq;=h' fuhska ksjig whym;la isÿjk nj ;yjqre ù we;' ñ;%YS,s fkdjk n,a,ka ksjfia we;s lsÍu md¿j" ldxish ksjfia Woa§mkh lsÍug iu;a nj fmfka' ksß; ÈYdfõ nÆ l+vq ;ekSu o kqiqÿiqh' .sksfldK ÈYdfõ isák n,a,ka f,v ùu" blaukska ñh heu olakg ,efnk idlaId;a jQ ldrKhls'
fldaÜ hd¾â
ksjfia wNHka;rfha mj;sk mSvkh bj;a lsÍu i|yd fldaÜ hd¾â b;d jeo.;a fõ' ksjfia yd l%shdldßkaf.a WIaK;ajh by< heu iu;=,kh lsÍu i|yd W¿jyq" cfk,a" iq<x ljq¿" úÿ,s mxld j,g wu;rj fldaÜ hd¾â lrk fufyhqu b;d Wiia h' fldaÜ hd¾â oajdr ixl,amfha § W¾ÿuqL oajdrhla f,i .Kka .efkk w;r" fodrj,a .Kka .ekSfï § fodrla f,i ie,lSug mq¿jk' ksjfia f>daIdldÍnj bj;a lsÍu i|yd fldaÜ hd¾â hym;a m%;spdrhla olajk nj fmfka'
m%d.a ft;sydisl jdia;=
udkj j¾.hd l%ufhka jdiia:dk ilia lr .ekSfï § Tjqkaf.a wjfndaOh wkqj isÿ lr.;a;d jQ hï hï Wml%uhka miqld,skj l%ufõohla f,i bÈßhg ú;a jdia;= Ydia;%hla f,i mej; tk nj fmfka' fuys§ hï hï mqoa.,hka fï flfrys úfYaI wjOdkh fhduq lsßu iy Tjqkaf.a mÍlaIK {dKh yryd jdia;= uQ,O¾u ìys úh' tajdfha m%dfhda.sl nj .s,sySu yd fndre u; ta i|yd tl;= ùu ksid jdia;= Ys,amhla f,i fkdj .;dkq.;sl" mdrïmßl jd.a ud,djla f,i mej; wd nj fmfka' m%d.a ft;sydisl hq.fha isg udkjhd" .,a fnk" .,a.=yd" .iafnk flfrys wjOdkh fhduq jQfha wdrlaIdj m;dh' Ôú; wdrlaIdj iy wdydrhkaf.a wdrlaIdj fuys § m%Odk úh' Ôú;drlaIdj" i;=kaa" iajNdúl jHjik" m%Odk úh' wdÈ ld,fha ñksid ojfia jeäld,hla újD;j mßirhg wkqnoaOj Ôj;a úh' fï ksid ksji" f.a" Tjqkag m%Yakhla fkdùh' miqld,Skj fuu .=yd úYd, lsÍu" taldnoaO lsÍu" m%cdjf.a j¾Okh wd§ fya;+ka u; fjkia ùu isÿ úh' t;eka isg udkjhd hï hï l%ufõohka fhdod .ekSug hqyqiq¿ úh' tys § fuu ld¾hhka .ek jeä olaI;djhka we;s ;u j¾.hd fhdod .;a w;r" Tjqkaf.a wdfõKsl l%ufõohka miqld,Skj mßKduh ù wo mj;akd isoaOdka; njg m;a ù we;' fï ksid m%d.a ft;sydisl jdia;= iSñ; wjYH;djhka lsysmhla u; we;s jQ nj fmfka' kQ;k jdia;= Ys,amSh l%u ;dlaIKsl l%ufõohka yryd wo b;d ÈhqKq ù we;' fï ksid ishqï ;;a;ajhka yÿkdf.k m%;sl¾u lsÍug kùk jdia;=fõÈhdg yelshdjla we;'
mqrdK Y%S ,xldj yd .Dy l¾udka;h
l%sia;= mQ¾j 900 § .Dy l¾udka;h i|yd hlv Ndú;d lr we;s nj fidhd f.k we;' .Dy l¾udka;h ckdjdi jYfhka .x.dj wdY%s;j wdrïN ù W;=re ueo" kef.kysr" jhU m<d;a j,g jHdma; ù we;' m<uqj ckdjdi" .x.d" we<" fod< yd jdß l¾udka; wdY%s;j isÿ jQ nj i|yka fõ' Y%S ,xldfõ .Dy l¾udka;h jej iy mkai, wdY%s;j f.dvke.=kla fõ' miqld,skj lDIsl¾udka;fha fjkia ùï iu`. tkï" úfYaIfhka jeú,s l¾udka;h iu`. ,hsï ldur .Dy l¾udka;hg tl;= ù we;' rlaIdj wkqj o .Dy l¾udka;h bmerKsfha fjka fldg olajd we;' l=U,a" ueKsla yd rka" leghï fyj;a jvq" fj<|" ueá wd§ jYfhka fjka fldg oela jQ nj fmfka' nqÿka jykafiaf.a wd.ukhg fmr isgu fuu j¾.SlrKh ;snQ nj mejfia' bkaÈhdj iy ,xldj w;r lsf,daóg¾ 31 l ;rï mgq uqyqÿ ;Srhla ksidu ol=Kq bkaÈhdj iy ,xldj w;r NQ úIu;d iy ksjdilrKh w;r t;rï fjkila oelsh fkdyelsh' ,dxlSh iudc ixia:dfõ l=vdu ia:rh jYfhka mjq, fyj;a l=vqïnh ye¢kaúh yelsh' l=vqïnfha m%Odkshd mshd fyda jeäuy,a u mq;%hd fõ' .DyKsh m%Odkshd f,i Tjqka fkdue;s l,ays mj;ajdf.k f.dia we;' l%sia;= mQ¾j 3 jk ishjfia § nqÿ oyu m%p,s; ùu iu`. ckdjdi yd .Dy l¾udka; j, úYd, fjkila ù we;s nj fmfka' .Dy l¾udka;lrKh i|yd .Dy ks¾udK Ys,amSka fkdj jdia;= Ydia;%{hska toji iudch ;=< isá nj f,ka ,sms j, i|yka fõ' bmerKsfha meúÈ mlaIh o fuu lafIa;%fha fh§ isá nj Ys,d f,aLkhkays i|ykaj we;' wl=cql NslaIqj jdia;= úoHdj ms<sn| yi, oekqula jQ NslaIQka jykafia kula nj b;sydifha i|yka fõ'
bÈlsÍï fldgia ;=klg fnfoa'
mQckSh fyj;a mkai,a" foajd,
rdclSh fyj;a rc yd ue;s weu;sjrekaf.a ksjdi
idudkH .Dy
jYfhka ;=ka jeoEreïj j¾. l, yelsh'
Y%S ,xldfõ jdia;=lrKh fldgia follska hqla; h' tkï" wd.ñl f.dvke.s,s i|yd jQ jdia;=lrKh iy .syshka f.a jdia;=lrKh hs' wd.ñl f.dvke.s,s iïnkaOfhka Ys,d f,aLk ;sfí' ßá.," is;=,amõj fï i|yd lÈu WodyrK fõ' tfukau jxY l;d u`.ska ÈhqKq jdia;=uh .Dy l¾udka;hla jQ nj Wkaudo Ñ;%d jxY l;dfjka meyeo,s fõ' .syshkaf.a ksjdihka ys jdia;= Ys,amSh l%u ms<sn| wOHhkhla i|yd w;S; iïNjhla fidhd .ekSug fkdyels ù we;af;a fndfydaúg odreuh ks¾udK ksid úh yelsh' ,xldfõ bmerKs f.dvke.s,s w;ßka 17 jk ishjfia bÈ lrk ,o fldgqfõ msysá rc f.or fouy,a f.dvke.s,a, ´,kaohka úiska bÈlrk ,o w;r 1804 ckjdß 17 jk Èk n%s;dkH wdKavqjg jQ Khlg ys,õ lsÍug isÿ úh' ld¾.s,aia f.dvke.s,a, o bmerKs f.dvke.s,s j,ska fYaI jQ tlla f,i oel .; yelsh' ,xldfõ m%:u w.%dKavqldrhd jQ Y%Su;a fµâßla fkda;a mÈxÑ jQ ksji f,i fuu ´,kao ks¾udKh ye¢kafõ' ta wkqj ,xldfõ m%:u rc f.or fuu .Dyh fõ' 1684 f,i th w;a;sjdrfï fldgd we;' .dÆ uqjfodr wi< msysá uka;%K iNd f,alï ld¾hd,h o fï w;ßka m%Odk h' 1816 ckjdß 24 jk Èk w,a,d .;a uykqjr wka;su rcq uÿrdisfha fj,af,dard n,fldgqjg msgqjy,a lsÍug m%:u fld<Ug f.kú;a isrlr ;enQ f.dvke.s,a, o ;ju olakg we;' th miq lf,l vd¾,s nÜ,¾ iud.u i;= f.dvke.s,a, nj lshfõ' .%Ekaâ Tßhkag,a fydag,h o ´,kao wdKavqldrjrfhl= f.a ksjila f,i ie,fla' fuu ishÆ ks¾udKhkaf.a ì;a;s b;d >klïh' ,xldj WIaK wêl jQ rgla ksidu ì;a;s >klñka ks¾udK l, nj;a mejfia' uqia,Sïjrekaf.a f.j,a jeä jYfhka tl, olakg ,enqfKa ,eáia .id ks¾udK l, .Dyhka yeáhg h' riakh u`. yeÍug;a" ia;%Skaf.a uqyqKq fkdfmfkk f,ig;a ilia lsÍu fuys m%Odk wruqK ù we;' .d,af,a Tßhkag,a fydag,h fukau fldgqj we;=f,a ;sfnkakd jQ ksjdi lsysmhla fukau ´,kao m,a,sh o iy fldgqmjqr w;S; ks¾udKhkaf.a fYaIhka f,i igyka l, yelsh'
.y fld<" ,shje,a iy f.j;a; fyj;a ffcj jdia;=
ksjilg fyda fjk;a f.dvke.s,a,lg fyda f.ñÿ," .Dydx.Kh wjYHh' fuu wx.h u`.ska f.dvke`.s,a,lg f.k tkafka fi!Nd.Hhls' bmerKs udkjhd fï nj jgyd.;a nj fmfka' ta ksid ksis f.j;a;la ;sfnk whqre fyda ielfik mßÈ ksji ks¾udKh lsÍu isÿ úh' tfy;a bvï fldgia ùu ksid fuu ;;a;ajh fjkia ù we;' fï ksid kQ;k ksjil f.j;a;lg ,efnk bvlv fndfyda wvqh' fuh lD;%Suj ilia lr .ekSug wm W;aidy .kS' fldaÜ hd¾â fuys§ m%Odk ;ekla .kS' lgq iys; .ia" úI lsß iys; .ia" f.j;a;lg kqiqÿiq fõ' ñh .sh .ia" Èrd .sh .ia" wl=Kq ier jeÿKq .ia jyd .,jd bj;a l, hq;=h' .il ñh heu mßirhl fodïkig fya;=jls' ta ksid yeuúgu h:d ;;a;ajhg m;a lsÍu i|yd tajd bj;a lsÍu blaukska l, hq;=h' m÷re iys; .ia jdhq ¥IKh wju lsÍu i|yd fya;= idOl jk nj úoHd;aulj Tmamq ù we;' f.j;= wisßh ksjig f.fkk úg wêl reêr mSvkh" wêl nr" iajik fõ.h md,kh lrk nj y÷kdf.k we;' b;d ksrjq,a uki yd fi!LHh iïmkak;djhg f.j;a; fya;= jk nj m¾fhaIK j,ska Tmamq ù we;' f.j;= w,xlrKfha § Èhje,a" fjdag¾ fµda,a" fmdkaâia jeks whs;uhka ol=Kq ÈYdkq.; lsÍu fkdl, hq;=h' tfia jQ úg ol=Kq ÈYdfõ Od;= uKav,h úmß; ùu ksid /lshdjg" ;udf.a m%isoaêhg tu`.ska nrm;, ydks isÿjk nj lsj yelsh' f.j;a; ksis mßÈ ilia lr .ekSfï § ñksidg weiqre lsÍug m%sh jk i;=kag iqÿiq mßÈ ilia lsÍu wksjd¾hh fõ' ksjig wdf,dalh iy jd;dY%h fkd,efnk mßÈ fyda wvq jk mßÈ f.j;a; ilia fkdl, hq;=h'
ksjilg iqÿiq iy kqiqÿiq Ydl j¾. jdia;= Ydia;%fha fndfyda f,i kï fldg we;' hï .eg¿jla u;= lrk" fi!LHhg ydks lrk Nshckl hï .ila fõ kï tjeks .ia" jDlaI kqiqÿiq njg jdia;=fõ i|yka fõ' úYd, .ia j, uq,a ke.Su ksid ksjig ydks isÿ úh yels neúka ksji wi< tjeks .ia isgqùu fkdl< hq;= njg ks¾foaY lr we;' fï w;ßka mßfmdaIs; Ydl ^wdl%uKldÍ Ydl& kqiqÿiqu fõ' ksjfia bÈßmsg tjeks mßfmdaIs; Ydl we;skï th .,jd oeñh hq;=uh' fn,s .ia j, ;sfnkakd jQ hï hï Ydl fï w;ßka m%Odk fõ' jd;h msßisÿ lsÍug" fijK iemhSug" mdxYq rlaIKhg" pu;aldrnj we;s lsÍug" iq<x j,g ndOd meñKùug" úfõlh ,nd .ekSug" udkisl iykh we;s lsÍug" iqkaor;ajh we;s lsÍug" wOHdmksl oekSula we;s lsÍug" wd¾:sl jákdlu f.k§ug;a Ydl iu;a fõ' fuu m%;s,dN j,g wu;rj jdyk keje;aùu i|yd fldÜgïnd jeks Ydl j,ska ,efnk msgqjy, b;d úYd, h' tfukau Wia jQ ì;a;shl md¿j uelSug o" f.dvke.s,s Wi wvq lr fmkaùug o" riakh ke;slr .ekSug o" wdrlaIdj ie,iSug o" .ia m%fhdackj;a fõ' .%yhkag wkqj o .ia" Ydl kï fldg we;'
tfukau iriaj;S foaúh iqÿ fk¿ï u,l jdih lsÍu;a" ,laIañ foaúh r;= fk¿ï u,l jdih lsÍu;a" m;a;sKs uEKsh wU f.ählska foug uf,ka Wmka nj;a lshfjk ksid Ydl ñksiqkag b;du;a lsÜgq nj fmfka' tfukau uodrd Ydlhg w,s jeks i;=ka ìh fjk nj;a" ÿgq i;=gq me<hg jYS lsÍfï yelshdj ;sfnk nj;a fmfka'
f.j;af;a isgqjk Ydl j,ska we;s jk m%:sM, wkqj o fjka fldg oelaúh yelsh' ta wkqj fldfydU §¾>dhqI f.k fok Ydlhla f,i;a" uodrd wdrlaIdj f.k fok Ydlhla f,i;a" fn,s Y%shd ldka;djf.a ne,au ,efnk Ydlhla f,i;a" ó .i f,v frda. iqj lsÍug iqÿiq .ila f,i;a" oE iuka ÈjH iïm;a ,nd .ekSug fya;=ldrl jk jDlaIhla f,i;a" uQku, wfYdal iy udr oeisoiqka ,nd .ekSug yels jDlaI f,i;a" fldaudßld weiajy lgjy keiSug Yla;sh we;s Ydlhla f,i;a" foys NQ; fodaI" fma%; fodaI keisug yelshdj we;s Ydlhla f,i;a" B;K foúhkaf.a ne,au ,nd fok Ydlhla f,i;a" odiafm;s NQ; fodaI ÿre lsÍug fhdod .kakd Ydlhla f,i;a" lgq .ia i;=re ìh f.k§ug iu;a jk ksid kqiqÿiq nj;a" úI lsß iys; .ia Okydks f.k fok nj;a i|yka fõ' ta wkqj Ydl ksjdi f.ñ÷,g f.k tafï § fïjdys mj;akd úoHd;aul iajNdjhka iy bka jk YqN iy wYqN;djhka ms<sn| ;¾ldkql+,j úuid ne,Sfuka Tngu Ydl f;dard fírd f.k ;u f.j;a; ks¾udKh lr .ekSfï yelshdjla mj;S'
ksjfia yev;, iy Wia my;alï
ñksid ysia wjldY iys; ksjdi j, Ôj;a ùug m%sh;djhla fkdolajhs' ysr jQ nvq uqÜgq j,ska msr jQ wúfõlS ksjdi ksjfia l%shdldÍ;ajhg .eg¿jls' 45Ù g ;rïjk uq¿ iys; uqyqK; iys; ksjdi bÈlsÍu iqÿiq ke;' th m%dfhda.slj ksjdi Ndú;d lsÍfï § o ÿIalr;djhka we;s ùug fya;=jla jk nj fmfka' ksjil pdïnj yd fm!ඞ;ajh úoyd olajk yev;, mqoa.,hdf.ka mqoa.,hdg fjkia j ilia úh hq;=h' j¾;udk ksjdilrKfha §" l¿.,a leghï wdY%s; ks¾udK oelsh yelsh' tys§ .f,a j¾Kh" ÈYdkq.; lsÍu wjYH u ldrKhls' ksjil yev;, ilia lsÍfï § mdo igyfka mdohl mrdihg hg;aj bÈl, yelsh' ksjfia yev;, ilia lsÍfï § wkjYHh" tfia ke;fyd;a úmÍ;" tfia ke;fyd;a lsis;ekl fkdue;s jk ks¾udKhka ilia lsÍug Tn W;aidy l, hq;= ke;' yev;, ilia lr .ekSfï § isÿ jk W!K;djhka ÈYdkq.; W!KmQ¾Kh lsÍu hgf;a W!KmQ¾Kh lr .ekSfï ksoyi jdia;= Ydia;%fha uQ,O¾u u`.ska meyeÈ,s lr we;' ksjfia yev;, ilia lsÍfï § ta ta rgj, mj;akd foaY.=Ksl n,mEï y÷kdf.k ilia lr .ekSu b;d jeo.;a h' /lshdfõ id¾:l;ajh wkqj ksjfia yev;, fjkia lsÍfï yelshdj mj;S'
fldkal%SÜ ia:rh fyj;a ia,eí
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.Dy NdKav
ksjil .Dy NdKav ,S j,ska ilia lsÍu b;du hym;a fõ' lsisúfgl hlv" iqÿ hlv" ma,diaála jeks .Dy NdKavhka ys ixl,khla ksjig iqÿiq ke;' ukao h;a ,S ys ixLHd;h iy hlv iy wfkl=;a wuqo%jHh j, ixLHd;hka w;r fjkila mj;sk fyhsks' tfukau ,S mdßißl WIaK;ajh Wlyd .kafka kuq;a tys jeä ÈhqKq ùula fyda fjkia ùula isÿ fkdùu;a ma,diaál" µhsn¾ jeks wuqo%jHh mdßißl WIaK;ajh wjfYdaIKh lsÍu ukqIHhdg t;rï ys;lr ke;' tfy;a fgdhs,Üia" nd;arEïia jeks ia:dkhka ys fujeks wuqo%jHh j,ska ksu lrk ,o W¿jyq" cfk,a t;rï kqiqÿiq njla fkdjk nj ;yjqre ù we;'
i;=kaf.a rEm
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Wmqgd .ekSu Èjhsk mqj;a m; weiqfrks